Ubushyuhe bwumubiri bwerekana ko gufata imbaraga byishyura ingufu zikoreshwa muburemere busanzwe, ariko ntabwo biterwa nimirire, imbeba zabagabo.

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Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa metabolike mu mbeba bukorerwa ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, nubwo muri ibi bihe, bitandukanye nabantu, imbeba zikoresha imbaraga nyinshi zigumana ubushyuhe bwimbere.Hano, turasobanura uburemere busanzwe hamwe n'umubyibuho ukabije uterwa nimirire (DIO) muri imbeba za C57BL / 6J zagaburiwe chow chow cyangwa indyo yuzuye ibinure 45%.Imbeba zashyizwe muminsi 33 kuri 22, 25, 27.5 na 30 ° C. muri sisitemu ya calorimetry itaziguye.Twerekana ko ingufu zikoreshwa ziyongera cyane kuva kuri 30 ° C kugeza kuri 22 ° C kandi ziri hejuru ya 30% kuri 22 ° C muburyo bwimbeba zombi.Imbeba zisanzwe ziremereye, gufata ibiryo birwanya EE.Ibinyuranye, imbeba za DIO ntizagabanije gufata ibiryo mugihe EE yagabanutse.Rero, ubushakashatsi burangiye, imbeba kuri 30 ° C zari zifite uburemere bwumubiri, ubwinshi bwamavuta na plasma glycerol na triglyceride kurusha imbeba kuri 22 ° C.Ubusumbane mu mbeba za DIO bushobora guterwa no kongera imirire ishingiye ku byishimo.
Imbeba nicyitegererezo cyinyamanswa zikoreshwa cyane mukwiga physiologiya yumuntu na pathophysiologiya, kandi akenshi ninyamaswa zisanzwe zikoreshwa mugihe cyambere cyo kuvumbura no gutera imbere.Ariko, imbeba ziratandukanye nabantu muburyo butandukanye bwa physiologique, kandi mugihe ibipimo bya allometric bishobora gukoreshwa muburyo runaka kugirango bihindurwe mubantu, itandukaniro rinini riri hagati yimbeba nabantu riri muri thermoregulation na homeostasis.Ibi birerekana kutavuguruzanya.Impuzandengo yumubiri wimbeba zikuze byibuze inshuro igihumbi ugereranije niz'abantu bakuru (50 g na 50 kg), kandi ubuso bwuburinganire bwikigereranyo butandukanye inshuro zigera kuri 400 kubera ihinduka rya geometrike ridafite umurongo ryasobanuwe na Mee. .Ikigereranyo cya 2. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imbeba zitakaza ubushyuhe bwinshi ugereranije nubunini bwazo, bityo zikumva cyane ubushyuhe, zikunda kwibasirwa na hypothermia, kandi zikaba zifite impuzandengo ya metabolike yibanze inshuro icumi kurenza iy'abantu.Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba gisanzwe (~ 22 ° C), imbeba zigomba kongera ingufu zose zikoreshwa (EE) hafi 30% kugirango ubushyuhe bwumubiri bugabanuke.Ku bushyuhe bwo hasi, EE yiyongera cyane kuri 50% na 100% kuri 15 na 7 ° C ugereranije na EE kuri 22 ° C.Rero, imiterere yimiturire isanzwe itera ubukonje bukabije, bushobora kubangamira ihererekanyabubasha ryibisubizo byimbeba kubantu, kuko abantu baba mumiryango igezweho bamara umwanya munini mubihe bya termone (kuberako agace kacu kari munsi yubuso bwubunini bwubunini butuma tutumva neza ubushyuhe, nkuko turema zone ya termone itabogamye (TNZ) idukikije. icyerekezo cyitabweho cyane mumyaka yashize4, 7,8,9,10,11,12 kandi hasabwe ko "itandukaniro ryubwoko" rishobora kugabanywa no kongera ubushyuhe bwibishishwa 9. Icyakora, nta bwumvikane buke bwubushyuhe ibyo bigize ubusembwa mu mbeba.Rero, niba ubushyuhe bwo hasi buringaniye mubushuhe bwa termone butabogamye mu mbeba zivi imwe yegereye 25 ° C cyangwa hafi ya 30 ° C4, 7, 8, 10, 12 bikomeje kutavugwaho rumwe.EE nibindi bipimo bya metabolike byagarukiye kumasaha kumunsi, kuburyo urugero igihe kinini cyo guhura nubushyuhe butandukanye gishobora kugira ingaruka kumiterere nkuburemere bwumubiri ntibisobanutse.gukoresha, gukoresha insimburangingo, kwihanganira glucose, hamwe na plasma lipid hamwe na glucose hamwe na hormone igenga ubushake bwo kurya.Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi burakenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane urugero indyo ishobora kugira kuri ibi bipimo (imbeba za DIO ku mafunguro y’ibinure byinshi zishobora kuba zerekeza ku ndyo ishingiye ku byishimo (hedonic).Kugira ngo dutange ibisobanuro birambuye kuri iyi ngingo, twasuzumye ingaruka zo kurera ubushyuhe ku bipimo byavuzwe haruguru mu mbeba z’abagabo bakuze bafite ibiro bisanzwe n’imbeba z’abagabo bafite umubyibuho ukabije (DIO) ku mirire y’ibinure birimo 45%.Imbeba zabitswe kuri 22, 25, 27.5, cyangwa 30 ° C byibura ibyumweru bitatu.Ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 22 ° C ntabwo bwakorewe ubushakashatsi kuko amazu asanzwe yinyamanswa ari gake munsi yubushyuhe bwicyumba.Twabonye ko imbeba zisanzwe hamwe nuruziga rumwe DIO zasubije kimwe nimpinduka zubushyuhe bwuruzitiro ukurikije EE kandi tutitaye kumiterere yikigo (hamwe nuburaro / ibikoresho byo guturamo).Nyamara, mugihe imbeba zisanzwe zifite uburemere bwahinduye ibiryo byazo ukurikije EE, ibiryo byimbeba za DIO ahanini ntibyigenga kuri EE, bigatuma imbeba ziyongera ibiro.Dukurikije imibare yuburemere bwumubiri, plasma yibanze ya lipide numubiri wa ketone yerekanaga ko imbeba za DIO kuri 30 ° C zifite ingufu nziza kurusha imbeba kuri 22 ° C.Impamvu zifatika zitandukanya uburinganire bwingufu zifata na EE hagati yuburemere busanzwe nimbeba za DIO bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, ariko birashobora kuba bifitanye isano nimpinduka za patrophysiologique yimbeba za DIO ningaruka ziterwa nimirire ishingiye kumunezero biturutse kumirire ifite umubyibuho ukabije.
EE yiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara kuva kuri 30 kugeza kuri 22 ° C kandi yari hejuru ya 30% kuri 22 ° C ugereranije na 30 ° C (Ishusho 1a, b).Igipimo cy’ubuhumekero (RER) nticyari gishingiye ku bushyuhe (Ishusho 1c, d).Ibiryo byafatanyaga imbaraga za EE kandi byiyongereye hamwe no kugabanuka kwubushyuhe (nanone ~ 30% hejuru ya 22 ° C ugereranije na 30 ° C (Igishusho 1e, f). 1g).
Imbeba z'abagabo (C57BL / 6J, ibyumweru 20, amazu ku giti cye, n = 7) zashyizwe mu kato ka metabolike kuri 22 ° C. icyumweru kimwe mbere yuko ubushakashatsi butangira.Iminsi ibiri nyuma yo gukusanya amakuru yibanze, ubushyuhe bwazamutse muri 2 ° C kwiyongera kumasaha 06:00 kumunsi (intangiriro yicyiciro cyumucyo).Ibyatanzwe bitangwa nkibisobanuro error ikosa risanzwe ryibisobanuro, kandi icyiciro cyijimye (18: 00–06: 00 h) kigereranwa nagasanduku keza.ingufu zikoreshwa (kcal / h), b Amafaranga yose yakoreshejwe mubushyuhe butandukanye (kcal / 24 h), c Igipimo cyubuhumekero (VCO2 / VO2: 0.7–1.0), d Bisobanura RER mumucyo numwijima (VCO2 / VO2) (agaciro ka zeru gasobanurwa nka 0.7).e ibiryo byuzuye (g), f 24h ibyokurya byose, g 24h byuzuye amazi (ml), h 24h byuzuye amazi, i ibikorwa byibikorwa (m) na j urwego rwibikorwa byose (m / 24h).).Imbeba zabitswe ku bushyuhe bwerekanwe mu masaha 48.Amakuru yerekanwe kuri 24, 26, 28 na 30 ° C yerekeza kumasaha 24 yanyuma ya buri cyiciro.Imbeba zagumye kugaburirwa mu bushakashatsi.Ubusobanuro bwibarurishamibare bwageragejwe no gupima inshuro imwe inzira imwe ya ANOVA ikurikirwa na Tukey ikigereranyo cyo kugereranya.Asterisks yerekana akamaro k'agaciro kambere ka 22 ° C, igicucu cyerekana akamaro hagati yandi matsinda nkuko byerekanwe. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0,05, ** P <0,01, ** P <0,001, **** P <0,0001. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01 ， ** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001。 * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01 ， ** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001。 * P <0,05, ** P <0,01, ** P <0,001, **** P <0,0001. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001.Impuzandengo yagereranijwe yabazwe mugihe cyose cyubushakashatsi (amasaha 0-192).n = 7.
Kimwe no ku mbeba zisanzwe zifite uburemere, EE yiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara n'ubushyuhe bugabanuka, kandi muri iki gihe, EE nayo yari hejuru ya 30% kuri 22 ° C ugereranije na 30 ° C (Ishusho 2a, b).RER ntabwo yahindutse mubushyuhe butandukanye (Ishusho 2c, d).Bitandukanye nimbeba zisanzwe zifite uburemere, gufata ibiryo ntabwo byari bihuye na EE nkigikorwa cyubushyuhe bwicyumba.Gufata ibiryo, gufata amazi, hamwe nurwego rwibikorwa ntibyashingiye ku bushyuhe (Ishusho 2e - j).
Umugabo (C57BL / 6J, ibyumweru 20) Imbeba za DIO zashyizwe ku giti cyazo mu kato ka metabolike kuri 22 ° C. icyumweru kimwe mbere yuko ubushakashatsi butangira.Imbeba zirashobora gukoresha 45% HFD ad libitum.Nyuma yo kumenyera iminsi ibiri, amakuru y'ibanze yakusanyijwe.Nyuma, ubushyuhe bwazamutse mu kwiyongera kwa 2 ° C buri munsi saa 06:00 (intangiriro yicyiciro cyumucyo).Ibyatanzwe bitangwa nkibisobanuro error ikosa risanzwe ryibisobanuro, kandi icyiciro cyijimye (18: 00–06: 00 h) kigereranwa nagasanduku keza.ingufu zikoreshwa (kcal / h), b Amafaranga yose yakoreshejwe mubushyuhe butandukanye (kcal / 24 h), c Igipimo cyubuhumekero (VCO2 / VO2: 0.7–1.0), d Bisobanura RER mumucyo numwijima (VCO2 / VO2) (agaciro ka zeru gasobanurwa nka 0.7).e ibiryo byuzuye (g), f 24h ibyokurya byose, g 24h byuzuye amazi (ml), h 24h byuzuye amazi, i ibikorwa byibikorwa (m) na j urwego rwibikorwa byose (m / 24h).).Imbeba zabitswe ku bushyuhe bwerekanwe mu masaha 48.Amakuru yerekanwe kuri 24, 26, 28 na 30 ° C yerekeza kumasaha 24 yanyuma ya buri cyiciro.Imbeba zabungabunzwe kuri 45% HFD kugeza ubushakashatsi burangiye.Ubusobanuro bwibarurishamibare bwageragejwe no gupima inshuro imwe inzira imwe ya ANOVA ikurikirwa na Tukey ikigereranyo cyo kugereranya.Asterisks yerekana akamaro k'agaciro kambere ka 22 ° C, igicucu cyerekana akamaro hagati yandi matsinda nkuko byerekanwe. * P <0.05, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0.05, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * Р <0,05, *** Р <0,001, **** Р <0,0001. * P <0.05, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0.05 ， *** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001。 * P <0.05 ， *** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001。 * Р <0,05, *** Р <0,001, **** Р <0,0001. * P <0.05, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001.Impuzandengo yagereranijwe yabazwe mugihe cyose cyubushakashatsi (amasaha 0-192).n = 7.
Mu rundi ruhererekane rw'ubushakashatsi, twasuzumye ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bw’ibidukikije ku bipimo bimwe, ariko iki gihe hagati yitsinda ryimbeba zahoraga zibikwa ku bushyuhe runaka.Imbeba zagabanyijwemo amatsinda ane kugirango hagabanuke impinduka zishingiye ku mibare mu buryo butandukanye kandi busanzwe bwo gutandukanya uburemere bw'umubiri, ibinure, n'uburemere bw'umubiri busanzwe (Ishusho 3a - c).Nyuma yiminsi 7 yo kumenyera, iminsi 4.5 ya EE yaranditswe.EE yibasiwe cyane nubushyuhe bw’ibidukikije haba mu masaha yo ku manywa na nijoro (Ishusho 3d), kandi ikiyongera ku buryo ubushyuhe bugabanuka kuva kuri 27.5 ° C kugeza kuri 22 ° C (Ishusho 3e).Ugereranije n'andi matsinda, RER yo mu itsinda rya 25 ° C yagabanutse mu buryo runaka, kandi nta tandukaniro ryari hagati y'amatsinda asigaye (Ishusho 3f, g).Ibiryo bifata ugereranije na EE byiyongereyeho 30% kuri 22 ° C ugereranije na 30 ° C (Ishusho 3h, i).Imikoreshereze y’amazi n’ibikorwa ntibyatandukanye cyane hagati yitsinda (Ishusho 3j, k).Guhura nubushyuhe butandukanye mugihe cyiminsi 33 ntabwo byatumye habaho itandukaniro muburemere bwumubiri, ubwinshi bwibinure, hamwe nubunini bwibinure hagati yitsinda (Igishusho 3n-s), ariko byatumye igabanuka ryimyanya yumubiri igera kuri 15% ugereranije amanota yivugiye wenyine (Ishusho 3n-s).3b, r, c)) hamwe n’ibinure byiyongereyeho inshuro zirenga 2 (kuva ~ 1 g kugeza kuri 2-3 g, Ishusho 3c, t, c).Kubwamahirwe, 30 ° C y'abaminisitiri ifite amakosa ya kalibrasi kandi ntishobora gutanga amakuru yukuri ya EE na RER.
- Uburemere bwumubiri (a), ibinure (b) hamwe n’ibinure (c) nyuma yiminsi 8 (umunsi umwe mbere yo kwimurwa muri sisitemu ya SABLE).d Gukoresha ingufu (kcal / h).Ikigereranyo cyo gukoresha ingufu (amasaha 0-108) mubushyuhe butandukanye (kcal / amasaha 24).f Ikigereranyo cyo guhana ubuhumekero (RER) (VCO2 / VO2).g Bisobanura RER (VCO2 / VO2).h Ibiryo byuzuye (g).ndavuga gufata ibiryo (g / amasaha 24).j Amazi yose yakoreshejwe (ml).k Ikigereranyo cyo gukoresha amazi (ml / 24 h).Urwego rwibikorwa (m).m Impuzandengo y'ibikorwa (m / 24 h).nuburemere bwumubiri kumunsi wa 18, o guhinduka muburemere bwumubiri (kuva kumunsi -8 kugeza kumunsi wa 18), p ibinini byumunsi kumunsi wa 18, q ihinduka mubyibushye (kuva -8 kugeza kumunsi wa 18), ibinure byamavuta kumunsi wa 18 , no guhinduka mubyibushye (kuva -8 kugeza kumunsi 18).Ubusobanuro bwibarurishamibare bwibikorwa byagarutsweho byageragejwe na Oneway-ANOVA hakurikiraho ikizamini cyo kugereranya kwa Tukey. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0,05, ** P <0,01, *** P <0,001, **** P <0,0001. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01 ， *** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001。 * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01 ， *** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001。 * P <0,05, ** P <0,01, *** P <0,001, **** P <0,0001. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001.Ibyatanzwe bitangwa nkibisobanuro + ikosa risanzwe ryikigereranyo, icyiciro cyijimye (18: 00-06: 00 h) kigereranwa nagasanduku keza.Utudomo kuri histogramu twerekana imbeba kugiti cye.Impuzandengo yagereranijwe yabazwe mugihe cyose cyubushakashatsi (amasaha 0-108).n = 7.
Imbeba zahujwe nuburemere bwumubiri, ubwinshi bwibinure, hamwe nubunini bwibinure kuri baseline (Igishusho 4a - c) kandi bikomeza kuri 22, 25, 27.5, na 30 ° C nko mubushakashatsi bwakozwe nimbeba zisanzwe..Iyo ugereranije amatsinda yimbeba, isano iri hagati ya EE nubushyuhe yerekanaga isano isa nubushyuhe mugihe cyimbeba imwe.Rero, imbeba zabitswe kuri 22 ° C zakoresheje ingufu zingana na 30% kuruta imbeba zabitswe kuri 30 ° C (Ishusho 4d, e).Iyo wiga ingaruka zinyamaswa, ubushyuhe ntabwo buri gihe bwagize ingaruka kuri RER (Igishusho 4f, g).Ibiryo, gufata amazi, nibikorwa ntabwo byatewe cyane nubushyuhe (Ishusho 4h - m).Nyuma yiminsi 33 yo kurera, imbeba kuri 30 ° C zifite uburemere bwumubiri burenze imbeba kuri 22 ° C (Ishusho 4n).Ugereranije n'ingingo zabo zifatizo, imbeba zororerwa kuri 30 ° C zifite uburemere bwumubiri burenze ubw'imbeba zororerwa kuri 22 ° C (bivuze error ikosa risanzwe ryerekana: Ishusho 4o).Ubwiyongere bwibiro buringaniye bwatewe no kwiyongera kwamavuta (Igicapo 4p, q) aho kwiyongera mubyibushye (Ishusho 4r, s).Ukurikije agaciro ka EE kari munsi ya 30 ° C, imvugo ya gen nyinshi za BAT zongera imikorere / ibikorwa bya BAT yagabanutse kuri 30 ° C ugereranije na 22 ° C: Adra1a, Adrb3, na Prdm16.Izindi genes zingenzi nazo zongera imikorere ya BAT / ibikorwa ntabwo zagize ingaruka: Sema3a (kugenzura imikurire ya neurite), Tfam (biogenezi ya mitochondrial), Adrb1, Adra2a, Pck1 (gluconeogenezi) na Cpt1a.Igitangaje ni uko Ucp1 na Vegf-a, bifitanye isano no kongera ibikorwa bya thermogeneque, ntabwo byagabanutse mu itsinda rya 30 ° C.Mubyukuri, urwego rwa Ucp1 mu mbeba eshatu rwari hejuru ugereranije no mu itsinda rya 22 ° C, kandi Vegf-a na Adrb2 byazamutse cyane.Ugereranije nitsinda rya 22 ° C, imbeba zagumishijwe kuri 25 ° C na 27.5 ° C zerekanye ko nta gihindutse (Ishusho yinyongera 1).
- Uburemere bwumubiri (a), ibinure (b) hamwe n’ibinure (c) nyuma yiminsi 9 (umunsi umwe mbere yo kwimurwa muri sisitemu ya SABLE).d Gukoresha ingufu (EE, kcal / h).Ikigereranyo cyo gukoresha ingufu (amasaha 0-96) mubushyuhe butandukanye (kcal / amasaha 24).f Ikigereranyo cyo guhana ubuhumekero (RER, VCO2 / VO2).g Bisobanura RER (VCO2 / VO2).h Ibiryo byuzuye (g).ndavuga gufata ibiryo (g / amasaha 24).j Amazi yose yakoreshejwe (ml).k Ikigereranyo cyo gukoresha amazi (ml / 24 h).Urwego rwibikorwa (m).m Impuzandengo y'ibikorwa (m / 24 h).n Uburemere bwumubiri kumunsi wa 23 (g), o Guhindura muburemere bwumubiri, p Ubwinshi bwikigero, q Guhinduka mubyibushye (g) kumunsi wa 23 ugereranije numunsi wa 9, Guhindura ibinure (g) kumunsi wa 23-munsi, ibinure misa (g) ugereranije numunsi wa 8, umunsi wa 23 ugereranije -umunsi wa 8.Ubusobanuro bwibarurishamibare bwibikorwa byagarutsweho byageragejwe na Oneway-ANOVA hakurikiraho ikizamini cyo kugereranya kwa Tukey. * P <0.05, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0.05, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * Р <0,05, *** Р <0,001, **** Р <0,0001. * P <0.05, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001. * P <0.05 ， *** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001。 * P <0.05 ， *** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001。 * Р <0,05, *** Р <0,001, **** Р <0,0001. * P <0.05, *** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001.Ibyatanzwe bitangwa nkibisobanuro + ikosa risanzwe ryikigereranyo, icyiciro cyijimye (18: 00-06: 00 h) kigereranwa nagasanduku keza.Utudomo kuri histogramu twerekana imbeba kugiti cye.Agaciro kagereranijwe kabaruwe mugihe cyose cyubushakashatsi (amasaha 0-96).n = 7.
Kimwe nabantu, imbeba akenshi zikora microen ibidukikije kugirango zigabanye ubushyuhe kubidukikije.Kugirango tumenye akamaro kibi bidukikije kuri EE, twasuzumye EE kuri 22, 25, 27.5, na 30 ° C, hamwe nabashinzwe kurinda uruhu cyangwa ibikoresho byo guteramo.Kuri 22 ° C, kongeramo uruhu rusanzwe bigabanya EE hafi 4%.Kwiyongera gukurikira ibikoresho byo guteramo byagabanije EE kuri 3-4% (Ishusho 5a, b).Nta mpinduka zikomeye muri RER, gufata ibiryo, gufata amazi, cyangwa urwego rwibikorwa byagaragaye hiyongereyeho amazu cyangwa uruhu + uburiri (Igicapo 5i - p).Kwiyongera k'uruhu n'ibikoresho byo guturamo nabyo byagabanije cyane EE kuri 25 na 30 ° C, ariko ibisubizo byari bito.Kuri 27.5 ° C nta tandukaniro ryagaragaye.Ikigaragara ni uko muri ubwo bushakashatsi, EE yagabanutse hamwe n’ubushyuhe bwiyongera, muri iki gihe munsi ya 57% munsi ya EE kuri 30 ° C ugereranije na 22 ° C (Ishusho 5c - h).Isesengura rimwe ryakozwe gusa ku cyiciro cy'urumuri, aho EE yari yegereye igipimo fatizo cya metabolike, kubera ko muri iki gihe imbeba ahanini zaruhukiye mu ruhu, bikavamo ubunini bugereranywa n'ubushyuhe butandukanye (Ishusho y'inyongera 2a - h) .
Imibare yimbeba ziva muburaro hamwe nicyari cyo guturamo (ubururu bwijimye), murugo ariko nta bikoresho byo guturamo (ubururu bwerurutse), hamwe nurugo hamwe nicyari (orange).Gukoresha ingufu (EE, kcal / h) mubyumba a, c, e na g kuri 22, 25, 27.5 na 30 ° C, b, d, f na h bisobanura EE (kcal / h).ip Amakuru yimbeba zubatswe kuri 22 ° C: i igipimo cyubuhumekero (RER, VCO2 / VO2), j bisobanura RER (VCO2 / VO2), k ibiryo byokurya (g), l ibiryo bisanzwe (g / 24 h), m gufata amazi yose (mL), n ikigereranyo cyo gufata amazi AUC (mL / 24h), o ibikorwa byose (m), urwego rwibikorwa bya p (m / 24h).Ibyatanzwe bitangwa nkibisobanuro + ikosa risanzwe ryikigereranyo, icyiciro cyijimye (18: 00-06: 00 h) kigereranwa nagasanduku keza.Utudomo kuri histogramu twerekana imbeba kugiti cye.Ubusobanuro bwibarurishamibare bwibikorwa byagarutsweho byageragejwe na Oneway-ANOVA hakurikiraho ikizamini cyo kugereranya kwa Tukey. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01. * Р <0,05, ** Р <0,01. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01. * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01。 * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01。 * Р <0,05, ** Р <0,01. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01.Impuzandengo yagereranijwe yabazwe mugihe cyose cyubushakashatsi (amasaha 0-72).n = 7.
Imbeba zisanzwe ziremereye (amasaha 2-3 yo kwiyiriza ubusa), kurera mubushyuhe butandukanye ntabwo byaviriyemo itandukaniro rikomeye mubyerekezo bya plasma ya TG, 3-HB, cholesterol, ALT, na AST, ariko HDL nkigikorwa cyubushyuhe.Igicapo 6a-e).Kwiyiriza ubusa kwa plasma ya leptine, insuline, C-peptide, na glucagon nabyo ntibyatandukanije amatsinda (Ishusho 6g - j).Ku munsi wikizamini cyo kwihanganira glucose (nyuma yiminsi 31 mubushyuhe butandukanye), urwego rwibanze rwamaraso glucose (amasaha 5-6 yo kwiyiriza ubusa) yari hafi mM 6.5, nta tandukaniro riri hagati yitsinda. Ubuyobozi bwa glucose yo mu kanwa bwongereye cyane glucose yamaraso mu matsinda yose, ariko kwibanda ku mpinga hamwe n’ahantu ho kwiyongera munsi y’imirongo (iAUCs) (min 15-120 min) byari munsi mu itsinda ryimbeba zashyizwe kuri 30 ° C (umwanya wihariye: P <0.05 - P <0.0001, Igishushanyo cya 6k, l) ugereranije nimbeba zashyizwe kuri 22, 25 na 27.5 ° C (zitatandukanye hagati yazo). Ubuyobozi bwa glucose yo mu kanwa bwongereye cyane glucose yamaraso mu matsinda yose, ariko kwibanda ku mpinga hamwe n’ahantu ho kwiyongera munsi y’imirongo (iAUCs) (min 15-120 min) byari munsi mu itsinda ryimbeba zashyizwe kuri 30 ° C (umwanya wihariye: P <0.05 - P <0.0001, Igishushanyo cya 6k, l) ugereranije nimbeba zashyizwe kuri 22, 25 na 27.5 ° C (zitatandukanye hagati yazo). Пероральное введение глюкозы значительно повышало крави во всех группах, но как пиковая пира, так и площадь приращения под кривими (iAUC) е точки: P. <0,05 - P <0,0001, рис. Ubuyobozi bwo mu kanwa bwa glucose bwongereye cyane glucose yamaraso mumatsinda yose, ariko kwibanda kwimpinga hamwe nubuso bwiyongera munsi yumurongo (iAUC) (min 15-120 min) byari munsi mumatsinda yimbeba 30 ° C (ingingo zitandukanye: P <0.05– P <0.0001, Igishusho 6k, l) ugereranije nimbeba zabitswe kuri 22, 25 na 27.5 ° C (zitatandukanye nizindi).口服 葡萄糖 的 给药 显 增加 了 所有 ° ° ° ° ， ° ° 30 ° C 饲养 的 小鼠 组 中 ， i (iAUC) (15-120 分钟) 均 较低 （各个 时间 点 点<P <0.05 - P <0.0001 ， 图 6k ， l） 与 饲养 在 22、25 和 27.5 ° C 的 小鼠 （彼此 之间 没有 差异） 相比。口服 葡萄糖 的 给 药 显 着 了 所有 的 ° ° 30 ° C 饲养 小鼠 组 中 ， I I (IAUC) (15-120 分钟) 均 较 低 各 个 点 点 点 点点 点 ： P <0.05 - P <0.0001 ， 图 6k ， l） 与 饲养 在 22、25 和 27.5 ° C 的 小鼠 （彼此 之间 没有 差异） 相比。。Ubuyobozi bwo mu kanwa bwa glucose bwongereye cyane glucose yamaraso mumatsinda yose, ariko kwibanda kumpinga hamwe nubutaka munsi yumurongo (iAUC) (min 15-120 min) byari hasi mumatsinda yimbeba 30 ° C yagaburiwe (ibihe byose).: P <0,05 - P <0,0001, рис. : P <0.05 - P <0.0001, Ishusho.6l, l) ugereranije nimbeba zabitswe kuri 22, 25 na 27.5 ° C (ntaho zitandukaniye).
Ibipimo bya plasma bya TG, 3-HB, cholesterol, HDL, ALT, AST, FFA, glycerol, leptin, insuline, C-peptide, na glucagon byerekanwa mu mbeba zikuze za DIO (al) nyuma yiminsi 33 yo kugaburira ubushyuhe bwerekanwe .Imbeba ntizagaburiwe amasaha 2-3 mbere yo guterwa amaraso.Ibidasanzwe byari ikizamini cyo kwihanganira glucose mu kanwa, cyakozwe hasigaye iminsi ibiri ngo ubushakashatsi burangire ku mbeba zisonzesha amasaha 5-6 kandi bugumane ubushyuhe bukwiye iminsi 31.Imbeba zahanganye nuburemere bwa 2 g / kg.Agace kari munsi yumurongo (L) kagaragazwa nkamakuru yiyongera (iAUC).Amakuru yatanzwe asobanura ± SEM.Utudomo twerekana ingero zitandukanye. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001, n = 7. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001, n = 7. * P <0,05, ** P <0,01, ** P <0,001, **** P <0,0001, n = 7. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001, n = 7. * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01 ， ** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001 ， n = 7。 * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01 ， ** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001 ， n = 7。 * P <0,05, ** P <0,01, ** P <0,001, **** P <0,0001, n = 7. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001, n = 7.
Imbeba za DIO (nazo zisonzesha amasaha 2-3), plasma cholesterol, HDL, ALT, AST, na FFA ntabwo byari bitandukanye mumatsinda.TG na glycerol byombi byazamutse cyane mu itsinda rya 30 ° C ugereranije na 22 ° C (Ishusho 7a - h).Ibinyuranye, 3-GB yari munsi ya 25% munsi ya 30 ° C ugereranije na 22 ° C (Ishusho 7b).Niyo mpamvu, nubwo imbeba zagumishijwe kuri 22 ° C zifite ingufu zingana muri rusange, nkuko byagaragajwe no kongera ibiro, itandukaniro riri hagati ya plasma ya TG, glycerol, na 3-HB byerekana ko imbeba kuri 22 ° C mugihe icyitegererezo cyari munsi ya 22 °. C.° C.Imbeba zororerwa kuri 30 ° C zari zimeze nabi cyane.Ukurikije ibi, umwijima mwinshi wa glycerol na TG, ariko ntabwo glycogene na cholesterol, byari hejuru mumatsinda ya 30 ° C (Ishusho yinyongera. 3a-d).Kugira ngo tumenye niba itandukaniro rishingiye ku bushyuhe muri lipolysis (nkuko byapimwe na plasma TG na glycerol) ni ibisubizo by’imihindagurikire y’imbere mu binure bya epididymal cyangwa inguinal, twakuye tissue ya adipose muri aya mangazini turangije ubushakashatsi hanyuma tugereranya aside irike yubusa ex vivo.no kurekura glycerol.Mu matsinda yose yubushakashatsi, ingero za adipose ziva mububiko bwa epididymal na inguinal zerekanye byibuze kwiyongera kwikubye kabiri umusaruro wa glycerol na FFA mugusubiza isoproterenol (Ishusho yinyongera. 4a - d).Ariko, nta ngaruka zubushyuhe bwibishishwa kuri basal cyangwa isoproterenol-iterwa na lipolysis yabonetse.Ukurikije uburemere bwumubiri hamwe nubunini bwibinure, plasma leptin yari hejuru cyane mumatsinda ya 30 ° C ugereranije no muri 22 ° C (Ishusho 7i).Ibinyuranye na byo, urugero rwa plasma ya insuline na C-peptide ntirwatandukanije amatsinda yubushyuhe (Igicapo 7k, k), ariko plasma glucagon yerekanaga ko iterwa nubushyuhe, ariko muriki gihe hafi 22 ° C mumatsinda itandukanye yagereranijwe kabiri. kugeza kuri 30 ° C.KUVA.Itsinda C (Ishusho 7l).FGF21 ntiyatandukanye hagati yubushyuhe butandukanye (Ishusho 7m).Ku munsi wa OGTT, glucose yamaraso yibanze yari hafi mM 10 kandi ntabwo yari itandukanye hagati yimbeba zashyizwe mubushyuhe butandukanye (Ishusho 7n).Gutanga umunwa wa glucose byiyongereyeho glucose yamaraso kandi bigera mumatsinda yose yibanda kuri mM 18 nyuma yiminota 15 nyuma yo kunywa.Nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye muri iAUC (15-120 min) hamwe no kwibanda ku bihe bitandukanye nyuma ya dose (15, 30, 60, 90 na 120 min) (Ishusho 7n, o).
Ibipimo bya plasma bya TG, 3-HB, cholesterol, HDL, ALT, AST, FFA, glycerol, leptin, insuline, C-peptide, glucagon, na FGF21 byerekanwe ku mbeba zikuze za DIO (ao) nyuma yiminsi 33 yo kugaburira.ubushyuhe bwagenwe.Imbeba ntizagaburiwe amasaha 2-3 mbere yo guterwa amaraso.Ikizamini cyo kwihanganira glucose yo mu kanwa nticyari kidasanzwe kuko cyakorewe ku gipimo cy’ibiro 2 g / kg iminsi ibiri mbere yuko ubushakashatsi burangira mu mbeba zafunzwe amasaha 5-6 kandi zikabikwa ku bushyuhe bukwiye mu minsi 31.Agace kari munsi yumurongo (o) karerekanwa nkamakuru yiyongera (iAUC).Amakuru yatanzwe asobanura ± SEM.Utudomo twerekana ingero zitandukanye. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001, n = 7. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001, n = 7. * P <0,05, ** P <0,01, ** P <0,001, **** P <0,0001, n = 7. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001, n = 7. * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01 ， ** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001 ， n = 7。 * P <0.05 ， ** P <0.01 ， ** P <0.001 ， **** P <0.0001 ， n = 7。 * P <0,05, ** P <0,01, ** P <0,001, **** P <0,0001, n = 7. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, ** P <0.001, **** P <0.0001, n = 7.
Ihererekanyabubasha ryamakuru yimbeba kubantu nikibazo kitoroshye kigira uruhare runini mugusobanura akamaro ko kwitegereza mubijyanye nubushakashatsi bwa physiologique na farumasi.Kubwimpamvu zubukungu no koroshya ubushakashatsi, imbeba zikunze kubikwa mubushyuhe bwicyumba munsi yakarere ka termone itabogamye, bikavamo gukora sisitemu zitandukanye zindishyi ziyongera zongera umuvuduko wa metabolike kandi zishobora kubangamira guhinduranya9.Rero, guhura nimbeba kubukonje birashobora gutuma imbeba zirwanya umubyibuho ukabije uterwa nimirire kandi birashobora kwirinda hyperglycemia mumbeba zivuwe na streptozotocine kubera ubwiyongere bwa glucose buterwa na insuline.Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ntibisobanutse neza igihe kirekire guhura nubushyuhe butandukanye (kuva mucyumba kugeza kuri thermoneutral) bigira ingaruka ku mbaraga zitandukanye homeostasis yimbeba zisanzwe ziremereye (ku biryo) nimbeba za DIO (kuri HFD) hamwe nibipimo bya metabolike, ndetse nubunini kuri bo bashoboye kuringaniza kwiyongera kwa EE no kwiyongera kwifunguro ryibiryo.Ubushakashatsi bwatanzwe muri iyi ngingo bugamije kuzana ibisobanuro kuriyi ngingo.
Twerekana ko muburemere busanzwe imbeba zikuze nimbeba DIO yumugabo, EE ifitanye isano itandukanye nubushyuhe bwicyumba hagati ya 22 na 30 ° C.Rero, EE kuri 22 ° C yari hejuru ya 30% ugereranije na 30 ° C.muburyo bwimbeba zombi.Ariko, itandukaniro ryingenzi hagati yimbeba zisanzwe zuburemere nimbeba za DIO nuko mugihe imbeba zisanzwe zipima zahuye na EE mubushyuhe buke muguhindura ibiryo bikwiranye, gufata ibiryo byimbeba DIO byari bitandukanye mubyiciro bitandukanye.Ubushyuhe bwo kwiga bwari busa.Nyuma y'ukwezi kumwe, imbeba za DIO zabitswe kuri 30 ° C zongereye ibiro byinshi hamwe n’ibinure kurusha imbeba zabitswe kuri 22 ° C, mu gihe abantu basanzwe bagumaga ku bushyuhe bumwe kandi mu gihe kimwe ntibatera umuriro.itandukaniro rishingiye kuburemere bwumubiri.imbeba ziremereye.Ugereranije n'ubushyuhe hafi ya thermoneutral cyangwa mubushyuhe bwicyumba, gukura mubushyuhe bwicyumba byatumye DIO cyangwa imbeba zisanzwe zipima ibiryo byamavuta menshi ariko ntabwo biri mubiribwa bisanzwe byimbeba kugirango byongere ibiro bike.umubiri.Gushyigikirwa nubundi bushakashatsi 17,18,19,20,21 ariko ntabwo ari 22,23.
Ubushobozi bwo gukora ibidukikije kugirango bigabanye gutakaza ubushyuhe birashidikanywaho kugirango habeho kutabogama kwamashyanyarazi ibumoso8, 12. Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, hiyongereyeho ibikoresho byo guteramo no guhisha byagabanije EE ariko ntibyatumye habaho kutabogama kw’ubushyuhe kugera kuri 28 ° C.Kubwibyo, amakuru yacu ntabwo ashyigikiye ko ingingo yo hasi yubushuhe mu mbeba zikuze zivi ivi rimwe, hamwe n’amazu akungahaye ku bidukikije, igomba kuba 26-28 ° C nkuko bigaragara kuri 8,12, ariko ishyigikira ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekana ubusembwa.ubushyuhe bwa 30 ° C mu mbeba zo hasi7, 10, 24. Kugira ngo ibintu bitoroshe, ingingo ya termone itabogamye mu mbeba byagaragaye ko idahagaze ku manywa kuko iba iri munsi yicyiciro cyo kuruhuka (urumuri), bishoboka bitewe na kalori nkeya umusaruro nkibisubizo byibikorwa hamwe nimirire iterwa na thermogenez.Rero, mugice cyumucyo, ingingo yo hasi yubushuhe bwumuriro ihinduka ~ 29 ° С, naho mugice cyijimye, ~ 33 ° С25.
Ubwanyuma, isano iri hagati yubushyuhe bwibidukikije no gukoresha ingufu zose bigenwa no kugabanuka kwubushyuhe.Ni muri urwo rwego, igipimo cy’ubuso n’ubunini ni ikintu cyingenzi kigena ibyiyumvo by’ubushyuhe, bigira ingaruka ku gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe (ubuso bw’ubuso) no kubyara ubushyuhe (ubwinshi).Usibye ubuso bwubuso, guhererekanya ubushyuhe nabwo bigenwa no kubika (igipimo cyo kohereza ubushyuhe).Mu bantu, ibinure birashobora kugabanya gutakaza ubushyuhe mukurema inzitizi ikingira igishishwa cyumubiri, kandi byavuzwe ko ibinure nabyo bifite akamaro kanini mugukoresha ubushyuhe bwimbeba mu mbeba, kugabanya ingingo ya termone ndetse no kugabanya ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe munsi yubushyuhe butagira ubushyuhe ( umurongo uhetamye).ubushyuhe bwibidukikije ugereranije na EE) 12.Ubushakashatsi bwacu ntabwo bwari bugamije gusuzuma mu buryo butaziguye iyi mibanire ishyira mu bikorwa kubera ko amakuru y’ibigize umubiri yakusanyijwe hasigaye iminsi 9 ngo amakuru akoreshwa mu mbaraga kandi kubera ko ibinure bitari bihagaze neza mu bushakashatsi.Nyamara, kubera ko uburemere busanzwe nimbeba za DIO zifite EE munsi ya 30% kuri 30 ° C ugereranije na 22 ° C nubwo byibuze byibuze inshuro 5 zitandukanye mubyibinure, amakuru yacu ntabwo ashyigikira ko umubyibuho ukabije ugomba gutanga insulasiyo yibanze.kintu, byibuze ntabwo kiri mubipimo byubushyuhe.Ibi birahuye nubundi bushakashatsi bwateguwe neza kugirango dushakishe ibi 4,24.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ingaruka zo kubyibuha zifite umubyibuho ukabije zari nto, ariko wasangaga ubwoya butanga 30-50% yubushyuhe bwumuriro4,24.Nyamara, mu mbeba zapfuye, ubushyuhe bw’umuriro bwiyongereyeho hafi 450% akimara gupfa, byerekana ko ingaruka zo gukingira ubwoya ari ngombwa kugira ngo imikorere ya fiyologiki, harimo na vasoconstriction, ikore.Usibye gutandukanya amoko yubwoya hagati yimbeba n’abantu, ingaruka mbi zo gukumira umubyibuho ukabije ku mbeba nazo zishobora guterwa nibi bitekerezo bikurikira: Impamvu yo gukingira ibinure byamavuta yabantu ahanini iba ihujwe nubwinshi bwamavuta yo munsi (umubyimba) 26.27.Mubisanzwe mubisimba bitarenze 20% byamavuta yinyamanswa yose28.Byongeye kandi, ibinure byose ntibishobora no kuba igipimo ntarengwa cyo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bw’umuntu ku giti cye, kuko byavuzwe ko kuzamura ubushyuhe bw’umuriro biterwa no kwiyongera byanze bikunze ku buso (bityo bigatuma ubushyuhe bwiyongera) uko amavuta yiyongera..
Mu mbeba zisanzwe zifite uburemere, plasma yo kwiyiriza ubusa ya TG, 3-HB, cholesterol, HDL, ALT, na AST ntabwo yahindutse mubushyuhe butandukanye mugihe cibyumweru 5, birashoboka ko imbeba zari muburyo bumwe bwo kuringaniza ingufu.byari bimwe muburemere hamwe nibigize umubiri nkuko birangiye ubushakashatsi.Ukurikije ibisa n’ibinure, nta tandukaniro ryigeze riba mu rwego rwa plasma leptine, ndetse no mu kwiyiriza ubusa insuline, C-peptide, na glucagon.Ibimenyetso byinshi byabonetse mu mbeba za DIO.Nubwo imbeba ziri kuri 22 ° C nazo zitari zifite uburinganire rusange muri iyi leta (uko ziyongereye ibiro), ubushakashatsi burangiye wasangaga babura ingufu ugereranije nimbeba zororerwa kuri 30 ° C, mubihe nka ketone.umusaruro n'umubiri (3-GB) no kugabanuka k'ubunini bwa glycerol na TG muri plasma.Nyamara, itandukaniro rishingiye ku bushyuhe muri lipolysis ntirigaragara nkigisubizo cyimpinduka zimbere mumavuta ya epididymal cyangwa inguinal, nkimpinduka mumagambo ya lipase ya adipohormone, kubera ko FFA na glycerol zasohotse mumavuta yakuwe muri depo ziri hagati yubushyuhe. amatsinda asa nayandi.Nubwo tutakoze iperereza ku mvugo y’impuhwe mu bushakashatsi burimo gukorwa, abandi basanze ko (hashingiwe ku muvuduko w’umutima kandi bivuze ko umuvuduko wa arterial) ufitanye isano n’ubushyuhe bw’ibidukikije ku mbeba kandi hafi ya 30 ° C ugereranije na 22 ° C 20% C Rero, itandukaniro rishingiye ku bushyuhe mu majwi yimpuhwe rishobora kugira uruhare muri lipolysis mubushakashatsi bwacu, ariko kubera ko kwiyongera kwijwi ryimpuhwe bitera imbaraga aho kubuza lipolysis, ubundi buryo bushobora kurwanya uku kugabanuka kwimbeba zifite imico.Uruhare rushoboka mukumena ibinure byumubiri.Ubushyuhe bw'icyumba.Byongeye kandi, igice cyingaruka ziterwa nijwi ryimpuhwe kuri lipolysis cyahujwe nuburyo butaziguye no kubuza gusohora kwa insuline, bikagaragaza ingaruka za insuline zihagarika inyongera kuri lipolysis30, ariko mubushakashatsi bwacu, kwiyiriza ubusa plasma insuline na C-peptide ijwi ryimpuhwe zubushyuhe butandukanye byari ntibihagije guhindura lipolysis.Ahubwo, twasanze itandukaniro mumiterere yingufu bishoboka cyane ko ariryo ryagize uruhare runini muri iri tandukaniro ryimbeba za DIO.Impamvu zifatika ziganisha ku kugenzura neza ibiryo hamwe na EE mu mbeba zisanzwe ziremereye bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse.Muri rusange ariko, gufata ibiryo bigenzurwa na homeostatic na hedonic cues31,32,33.Nubwo hari impaka zerekana kimwe muri ibyo bimenyetso byombi bifite akamaro kanini, 31,32,33 birazwi ko kunywa igihe kirekire ibiryo birimo amavuta menshi biganisha ku myitwarire yo kurya ishingiye ku byishimo bidafite aho bihuriye homeostasis..- kugaburira ibiryo 34,35,36.Kubwibyo, kwiyongera kwimyitwarire ya hedonic yimbeba za DIO zavuwe hamwe na 45% HFD zishobora kuba imwe mumpamvu zatumye izo mbeba zitaringaniza gufata ibiryo na EE.Igishimishije, itandukaniro ryimisemburo ya hormone igabanya amaraso glucose nayo yagaragaye no mu mbeba DIO igenzurwa n'ubushyuhe, ariko ntabwo byagaragaye mu mbeba zifite uburemere busanzwe.Imbeba za DIO, urugero rwa plasma leptin rwiyongereye hamwe n'ubushyuhe kandi urugero rwa glucagon rwaragabanutse n'ubushyuhe.Urugero ubushyuhe bushobora kugira ku buryo butaziguye itandukaniro rikwiye ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, ariko kubijyanye na leptine, ugereranije imbaraga zingana zingana bityo rero ibinure bikagabanuka ku mbeba kuri 22 ° C rwose byagize uruhare runini, kuko ibinure na plasma leptine bifitanye isano cyane37.Ariko, gusobanura ibimenyetso bya glucagon biratangaje.Kimwe na insuline, glucagon isohoka yabujijwe cyane no kwiyongera kwijwi ry’impuhwe, ariko ijwi ry’impuhwe nyinshi ryahanuwe ko rizaba mu itsinda rya 22 ° C, rifite plasma glucagon nyinshi.Insuline nubundi buryo bukomeye bugenga plasma glucagon, kandi kurwanya insuline hamwe na diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 bifitanye isano cyane no kwiyiriza ubusa na hyperglucagonemia nyuma ya 38,39.Nyamara, imbeba za DIO mubushakashatsi bwacu nazo ntizigeze zumva insuline, ibi rero ntibishobora no kuba intandaro yo kwiyongera kwa signal ya glucagon mumatsinda ya 22 ° C.Ibinure byumwijima nabyo bifitanye isano no kwiyongera kwa plasma glucagon, uburyo bwabyo, bushobora no kuba burwanya glucagon hepatike, kugabanya umusaruro wa urea, kongera umuvuduko wa aside amine, ndetse no kongera aside amine iterwa na glucagon 40,41, 42.Nyamara, kubera ko ibishobora gukururwa bya glycerol na TG bitatandukanije amatsinda yubushyuhe mu bushakashatsi bwacu, ibi nabyo ntibishobora kuba intandaro yo kwiyongera kwinshi kwa plasma mumatsinda ya 22 ° C.Triiodothyronine (T3) igira uruhare runini mugipimo cya metabolike muri rusange no gutangiza uburyo bwo kwirinda metabolike irwanya hypothermia43,44.Gutyo, kwibanda kwa plasma T3, bishoboka ko bigenzurwa nuburyo bwunganirwa hagati, 45,46 byiyongera mumbeba ndetse nabantu mugihe kitari munsi yubushyuhe bwa 47, nubwo kwiyongera kwabantu ari bito, bikaba byateganijwe mbere nimbeba.Ibi bihuye no gutakaza ubushyuhe kubidukikije.Ntabwo twapimye ubunini bwa plasma T3 mubushakashatsi burimo gukorwa, ariko kwibanda bishobora kuba byari munsi mumatsinda ya 30 ° C, bishobora gusobanura ingaruka ziri tsinda kurwego rwa plasma glucagon, nkuko natwe (twavuguruye Ishusho 5a) nabandi twerekanye ko T3 yongerera plasma glucagon muburyo bukabije.Imisemburo ya tiroyide yavuzwe ko itera imvugo ya FGF21 mu mwijima.Kimwe na glucagon, plasma FGF21 nayo yiyongereye hamwe na plasma T3 yibanze (Igicapo cyinyongera.Impamvu zifatika zitera uku kutavuguruzanya zisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, ariko kwinjiza T3 itwarwa na FGF21 bigomba kugaragara murwego rwo hejuru rwerekana T3 ugereranije nigisubizo cya T3 cyatewe na glucagon (Ishusho yinyongera. 5b).
HFD yerekanye ko ifitanye isano cyane no kwihanganira glucose no kwihanganira insuline (marikeri) mu mbeba zororerwa kuri 22 ° C.Nyamara, HFD ntabwo yari ifitanye isano no kwihanganira glucose kwihanganira cyangwa kurwanya insuline iyo ikuze ahantu hashyuha (hasobanuwe hano nka 28 ° C) 19.Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, iyi mibanire ntabwo yigeze yigana mu mbeba za DIO, ariko imbeba zisanzwe zifite uburemere kuri 30 ° C zateje imbere kwihanganira glucose.Impamvu y'iri tandukaniro isaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, ariko irashobora guterwa nuko imbeba za DIO mubushakashatsi bwacu zarwanyaga insuline, hamwe na plasma C-peptide yiyiriza ubusa hamwe na insuline yibanze inshuro 12-20 kurenza imbeba zisanzwe ziremereye.no mumaraso kumara yubusa.glucose yibirindiro bya mM 10 (hafi mM 6 kuburemere busanzwe bwumubiri), bisa nkaho bisiga idirishya rito kubintu byose bishobora kugirira akamaro ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe bwo kutagira aho bubogamiye kugirango glucose yihangane.Ikintu gishobora gutera urujijo nuko, kubwimpamvu zifatika, OGTT ikorerwa mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Rero, imbeba zashyizwe mubushyuhe bwo hejuru zahuye nubukonje bworoheje, bushobora kugira ingaruka kumitsi ya glucose.Nyamara, ukurikije uburyo busa busa bwamaraso glucose yibumbiye mumatsinda atandukanye yubushyuhe, impinduka zubushyuhe bwibidukikije ntizishobora kugira ingaruka cyane kubisubizo.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, vuba aha hagaragajwe ko kongera ubushyuhe bwicyumba bishobora gutuma abantu bamwe bitwara imihangayiko ikonje, ishobora gushidikanya ku ihererekanyamakuru ry’imbeba ku bantu.Ariko, ntibisobanutse nubushyuhe bwiza bwogukomeza imbeba kwigana physiologiya yabantu.Igisubizo cyiki kibazo kirashobora kandi guterwa nurwego rwo kwiga hamwe nimpera yiga.Urugero rwibi ni ingaruka zimirire mukwirundanya amavuta yumwijima, kwihanganira glucose no kurwanya insuline19.Ku bijyanye no gukoresha ingufu, abashakashatsi bamwe bemeza ko kutagira aho bibogamiye ari ubushyuhe bwiza bwo kurera, kubera ko abantu basaba imbaraga nke zidasanzwe kugira ngo bagumane ubushyuhe bw’umubiri wabo, kandi basobanura ubushyuhe bumwe bwakorewe imbeba zikuze nka 30 ° C7,10.Abandi bashakashatsi bemeza ko ubushyuhe bugereranywa n’ubusanzwe abantu bahura n’imbeba zikuze ku ivi rimwe ari 23-25 ​​° C, kuko basanze kutagira aho babogamiye ari 26-28 ° C kandi bishingiye ku bantu bari munsi ya 3 ° C.ubushyuhe bwabo bwo hasi, busobanurwa hano nka 23 ° C, ni 8.12.Ubushakashatsi bwacu burahuye nubundi bushakashatsi bwinshi buvuga ko kutabogama kwubushyuhe bitagerwaho kuri 26-28 ° C4, 7, 10, 11, 24, 25, byerekana ko 23-25 ​​° C ari hasi cyane.Ikindi kintu cyingenzi ugomba gusuzuma kubijyanye nubushyuhe bwicyumba hamwe nubushuhe bwimbeba nimbeba ni inzu imwe cyangwa itsinda.Iyo imbeba zashyizwe mu matsinda aho kuba umuntu ku giti cye, nko mu bushakashatsi bwacu, ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bwaragabanutse, bishoboka bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’inyamaswa.Nyamara, ubushyuhe bwicyumba bwari bukiri munsi ya LTL ya 25 mugihe hakoreshejwe amatsinda atatu.Ahari itandukaniro ryingenzi rya interspecies muriki kibazo ni ubusobanuro bwumubare wibikorwa bya BAT nko kwirinda hypothermia.Rero, mugihe imbeba ahanini zishyuye igihombo kinini cya calorie mukongera ibikorwa bya BAT, irenga 60% EE kuri 5 ° C yonyine, 51,52 uruhare rwibikorwa bya BAT byabantu muri EE rwari hejuru cyane, ruto cyane.Kubwibyo, kugabanya ibikorwa bya BAT bishobora kuba inzira yingenzi yo kongera ubusobanuro bwabantu.Kugenzura ibikorwa bya BAT biragoye ariko bikunze guhuzwa ningaruka ziterwa no gukangura adrenergique, imisemburo ya tiroyide na UCP114,54,55,56,57 imvugo.Amakuru yacu yerekana ko ubushyuhe bugomba kuzamuka hejuru ya 27.5 ° C ugereranije nimbeba kuri 22 ° C kugirango tumenye itandukaniro mumagambo ya gen BAT ishinzwe imikorere / gukora.Ariko, itandukaniro ryabonetse hagati yitsinda kuri 30 na 22 ° C ntabwo ryigeze ryerekana ko ibikorwa bya BAT byiyongera mumatsinda ya 22 ° C kuko Ucp1, Adrb2 na Vegf-a byagabanijwe mumatsinda ya 22 ° C.Intandaro yibi bisubizo bitunguranye iracyamenyekana.Ikintu kimwe gishoboka nuko imvugo yabo yiyongereye idashobora kwerekana ikimenyetso cyubushyuhe bwo mucyumba, ahubwo ni ingaruka zikomeye zo kubimura kuva kuri 30 ° C kugeza kuri 22 ° C kumunsi wo gukuraho (imbeba zabonye iyi minota 5-10 mbere yo guhaguruka) .).
Intambamyi rusange yubushakashatsi bwacu nuko twize imbeba zabagabo gusa.Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekana ko uburinganire bushobora kwitabwaho cyane mu bimenyetso byacu byambere, kubera ko imbeba z’umugore zifite ivi rimwe zumva ubushyuhe bwinshi bitewe n’ubushyuhe bukabije bw’umuriro no gukomeza ubushyuhe bw’ibanze bugenzurwa cyane.Byongeye kandi, imbeba z’abagore (kuri HFD) zerekanye ishyirahamwe ryinshi ryo gufata ingufu hamwe na EE kuri 30 ° C ugereranije nimbeba zabagabo zariye imbeba nyinshi zihuje igitsina (20 ° C muriki kibazo) 20.Rero, mu mbeba z’abagore, ingaruka ziterwa na subthermonetral ziri hejuru, ariko zifite icyitegererezo kimwe nimbeba zabagabo.Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, twibanze ku mbeba z’umugabo zifite ivi rimwe, kuko aribwo buryo bukoreshwa n’ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa metabolike busuzuma EE.Indi mbogamizi y’ubushakashatsi bwacu ni uko imbeba zari zifite indyo imwe mu bushakashatsi bwose, zabuzaga kwiga akamaro k’ubushyuhe bwicyumba kugirango ihindagurika ryimiterere (nkuko byapimwe nimpinduka za RER zimpinduka zimirire mubice bitandukanye bya macronutrient).imbeba z'abagore n'abagabo zabitswe kuri 20 ° C ugereranije n'imbeba zijyanye na 30 ° C.
Mu gusoza, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwerekana ko, kimwe no mu zindi nyigo, lap 1 imbeba zisanzwe zifite uburemere ni ubusembwa hejuru ya 27.5 ° C.Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwerekana ko umubyibuho ukabije atari ikintu gikomeye cyangiza imbeba zifite uburemere busanzwe cyangwa DIO, bikavamo ubushyuhe busa: ibipimo bya EE muri DIO nimbeba zisanzwe.Mugihe ibiryo byafashwe nimbeba zisanzwe zisanzwe byari bihuye na EE bityo bikagumana uburemere bwumubiri buhamye kurwego rwubushyuhe bwose, ibiryo byimbeba za DIO byari bimwe mubushyuhe butandukanye, bigatuma umubare munini wimbeba kuri 30 ° C. .kuri 22 ° C yiyongereye ibiro byinshi byumubiri.Muri rusange, ubushakashatsi butunganijwe busuzuma akamaro ko kubaho munsi yubushyuhe bwa termone butabogamye biremewe kubera ko akenshi kwihanganira nabi hagati yimbeba nubushakashatsi bwabantu.Kurugero, mubushakashatsi bwumubyibuho ukabije, ibisobanuro igice kubisobanuro byahinduwe nabi muri rusange bishobora guterwa nuko ubushakashatsi bwo kugabanya ibiro bya murine busanzwe bukorerwa ku nyamaswa zifite ubukonje bukabije zashyizwe ku bushyuhe bwicyumba kubera ubwiyongere bwa EE.Kugabanuka gukabije ugereranije nuburemere bwumubiri uteganijwe bwumuntu, cyane cyane niba uburyo bwibikorwa biterwa no kongera EE mukongera ibikorwa bya BAP, ikora cyane kandi ikora mubushyuhe bwicyumba kuruta kuri 30 ° C.
Dukurikije amategeko y’ubushakashatsi bw’inyamaswa zo muri Danemarike (1987) hamwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’ubuzima (Igitabo No 85-23) hamwe n’amasezerano y’uburayi agamije kurengera inyamaswa z’inyamabere zikoreshwa mu bushakashatsi n’ubundi buryo bwa siyansi (Inama y’Uburayi No 123, Strasbourg , 1985).
Imbeba zibyumweru 20 C57BL / 6J zabonetse muri Janvier Saint Berthevin Cedex, mubufaransa, hanyuma zihabwa ad libitum chow (Altromin 1324) namazi (~ 22 ° C) nyuma yumucyo wamasaha 12:12: ukwezi kwijimye.ubushyuhe bw'icyumba.Imbeba z'abagabo DIO (ibyumweru 20) zabonetse kubatanga isoko kandi bahabwa ad libitum kubona indyo yuzuye ibinure 45% (Cat. No D12451, Research Diet Inc., NJ, USA) n'amazi mugihe cyo kurera.Imbeba zahujwe n’ibidukikije icyumweru kimwe mbere yuko ubushakashatsi butangira.Iminsi ibiri mbere yo kwimurwa muri sisitemu ya calorimetrie itaziguye, imbeba zapimwe, zipimwa MRI (EchoMRITM, TX, USA) hanyuma zigabanywamo amatsinda ane ahuye nuburemere bwumubiri, ibinure nuburemere busanzwe bwumubiri.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy’ubushakashatsi bwerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 8. Imbeba zimuriwe muri sisitemu ifunze kandi igenzurwa n’ubushyuhe butaziguye bwa Calorimetry muri Sable Systems Internationals (Nevada, Amerika), yarimo ibipimo by’ubuziranenge bw’ibiryo n’amazi hamwe n’ikarita ya Promethion BZ1 yanditse. urwego rwibikorwa mugupima ibice bimenetse.XYZ.Imbeba (n = 8) zashyizwe ku giti cyazo kuri 22, 25, 27.5, cyangwa 30 ° C ukoresheje uburiri ariko nta buhungiro hamwe n’ibikoresho byo guturamo ku mucyo wamasaha 12: 12: ukwezi kwijimye (urumuri: 06: 00– 18:00) .2500ml / min.Imbeba zamenyekanye muminsi 7 mbere yo kwiyandikisha.Amajwi yakusanyijwe iminsi ine ikurikiranye.Nyuma yaho, imbeba zabitswe ku bushyuhe bwazo kuri 25, 27.5, na 30 ° C mu gihe cy’iminsi 12, nyuma y’inyongera za selile zongerwaho nkuko byasobanuwe hano hepfo.Hagati aho, amatsinda yimbeba yabitswe kuri 22 ° C yabitswe kuri ubu bushyuhe indi minsi ibiri (gukusanya amakuru mashya yibanze), hanyuma ubushyuhe bwiyongera mubyiciro bya 2 ° C burimunsi mugitangira icyiciro cyumucyo ( 06:00) kugeza bigeze kuri 30 ° C Nyuma yibyo, ubushyuhe bwamanutse bugera kuri 22 ° C kandi amakuru yakusanyijwe indi minsi ibiri.Nyuma yiminsi ibiri yinyongera yo gufata amajwi kuri 22 ° C, uruhu rwongewemo selile zose mubushyuhe bwose, kandi gukusanya amakuru byatangiye kumunsi wa kabiri (umunsi wa 17) no muminsi itatu.Nyuma yibyo (umunsi wa 20), ibikoresho byo guturamo (8-10 g) byongewe muri selile zose mugitangira cyumucyo (06:00) hanyuma amakuru akusanywa indi minsi itatu.Ni yo mpamvu, ubushakashatsi burangiye, imbeba zabitswe kuri 22 ° C zabitswe kuri ubu bushyuhe mu minsi 21/33 no kuri 22 ° C mu minsi 8 ishize, mu gihe imbeba ku zindi ubushyuhe zabitswe kuri ubu bushyuhe iminsi 33./ Iminsi 33.Imbeba zagaburiwe mugihe cyo kwiga.
Uburemere busanzwe n'imbeba za DIO byakurikije inzira imwe yo kwiga.Ku munsi -9, imbeba zapimwe, MRI irabisikana, igabanywa mu matsinda agereranywa n'uburemere bw'umubiri hamwe n'ibigize umubiri.Ku munsi -7, imbeba zimuriwe mubushuhe bufunze bugenzurwa na sisitemu ya calorimetry itaziguye yakozwe na SABLE Systems International (Nevada, USA).Imbeba zashyizwe ku giti cyazo kuryama ariko zidafite ibyari cyangwa ibikoresho byo kubamo.Ubushyuhe bwashyizwe kuri 22, 25, 27.5 cyangwa 30 ° C.Nyuma yicyumweru kimwe cyo kumenyera (iminsi -7 kugeza 0, inyamaswa ntizahungabanye), amakuru yakusanyijwe muminsi ine ikurikiranye (iminsi 0-4, amakuru yerekanwe muri FIGS. 1, 2, 5).Nyuma yaho, imbeba zabitswe kuri 25, 27.5 na 30 ° C zagumishijwe mubihe bihoraho kugeza kumunsi wa 17.Muri icyo gihe, ubushyuhe bwo mu itsinda rya 22 ° C bwariyongereye hagati ya 2 ° C buri munsi uhindura ukwezi kwizuba (06:00 h) mugitangira urumuri (amakuru yerekanwa ku gishushanyo 1) .Ku munsi wa 15, ubushyuhe bwaragabanutse kugera kuri 22 ° C hanyuma iminsi ibiri ikusanywa kugirango itange amakuru y'ibanze yo kuvurwa nyuma.Uruhu rwongewe ku mbeba zose kumunsi wa 17, kandi ibikoresho byo guturamo byongewe kumunsi wa 20 (Ishusho 5).Ku munsi wa 23, imbeba zapimwe hanyuma zikorerwa scan ya MRI, hanyuma zisigara zonyine amasaha 24.Ku munsi wa 24, imbeba zasibwaga kuva Photoperiod yatangira (06:00) hanyuma zakira OGTT (2 g / kg) saa 12h00 (amasaha 6-7 yo kwiyiriza ubusa).Nyuma yaho, imbeba zasubijwe mubihe bya SABLE hanyuma zishyirwa kumunsi wa kabiri (umunsi wa 25).
Imbeba DIO (n = 8) yakurikije protocole imwe nimbeba zisanzwe (nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru no ku gishushanyo cya 8).Imbeba zagumanye 45% HFD mugihe cyo gukoresha ingufu.
VO2 na VCO2, hamwe n'umuvuduko w'amazi yo mu mazi, byanditswe kuri frequence ya 1 Hz hamwe na selile ihoraho ya min 2.5.Ibiryo n'amazi byakusanyirijwe hamwe no gufata amajwi (1 Hz) yuburemere bwibiribwa n'amazi.Monitor yubuziranenge yakoreshejwe yatangaje ko ikemuye 0.002 g.Urwego rwibikorwa byafashwe amajwi hakoreshejwe monitor ya 3D XYZ yerekana umurongo, amakuru yakusanyirijwe kumurongo wimbere wa 240 Hz hanyuma atanga raporo buri segonda kugirango agereranye intera yagenze (m) ifite uburebure bwa cm 0.25.Amakuru yatunganijwe hamwe na Sable Sisitemu Macro Umusobanuzi v.2.41, kubara EE na RER no kuyungurura hanze (urugero, ibyokurya byibinyoma).Umusemuzi wa macro yashyizweho kugirango asohore amakuru kubintu byose buri minota itanu.
Usibye kugenga EE, ubushyuhe bwibidukikije bushobora no kugenga izindi ngingo za metabolisme, harimo na glucose metabolism nyuma yo gutangira, muguhindura imisemburo ya glucose-metabolizing.Kugirango dusuzume iyi hypothesis, twarangije ubushakashatsi bwubushyuhe bwumubiri duteza imbeba zisanzwe zifite umutwaro wa DIO wo mu kanwa (2 g / kg).Uburyo bwasobanuwe muburyo burambuye mubikoresho byinyongera.
Ubushakashatsi burangiye (umunsi wa 25), imbeba zafunzwe amasaha 2-3 (guhera saa 06h00), zatewe aneste hamwe na isoflurane, hanyuma ziva amaraso burundu na retroorbital venipuncture.Ubwinshi bwa plasma lipide na hormone na lipide mu mwijima byasobanuwe mu Bikoresho by'inyongera.
Kugira ngo hakorwe iperereza niba ubushyuhe bwibishishwa butera impinduka zimbere muri tipusi ya adipose igira ingaruka kuri lipolysis, inguinal na epididymal adipose tissue yakuwe mu mbeba nyuma yicyiciro cya nyuma cyo kuva amaraso.Tissue yatunganijwe hifashishijwe uburyo bushya bwa vivo lipolysis assay yasobanuwe muburyo bw'inyongera.
Tipusi ya adipose yumukara (BAT) yakusanyirijwe kumunsi wo kurangiza ubushakashatsi kandi itunganywa nkuko byasobanuwe muburyo bwinyongera.
Amakuru yatanzwe asobanura ± SEM.Igishushanyo cyakozwe muri GraphPad Prism 9 (La Jolla, CA) naho ibishushanyo byahinduwe muri Adobe Illustrator (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA).Ubusobanuro bwibarurishamibare bwasuzumwe muri GraphPad Prism kandi bugeragezwa na t-test zombi, ingamba zisubirwamo inzira imwe / inzira ebyiri ANOVA ikurikirwa na Tukey ikizamini cyo kugereranya inshuro nyinshi, cyangwa ANOVA idafite inzira imwe ikurikirwa na Tukey ikigereranyo cyo kugereranya nkuko bikenewe.Ikwirakwizwa rya Gaussiya ryemejwe n’ikizamini gisanzwe cya D'Agostino-Pearson mbere yo kwipimisha.Ingano yicyitegererezo yerekanwa mugice kijyanye nigice "Ibisubizo", kimwe no mumigani.Gusubiramo bisobanurwa nkibipimo byose byafashwe ku nyamaswa imwe (muri vivo cyangwa kuri sample ya tissue).Kubyerekeranye no kubyara amakuru, ihuriro hagati yimikoreshereze yingufu nubushyuhe bwimanza ryerekanwe mubushakashatsi bune bwigenga hakoreshejwe imbeba zitandukanye zifite igishushanyo mbonera.
Porotokole irambuye, ibikoresho, namakuru yibanze arahari bisabwe byumwanditsi wambere Rune E. Kuhre.Ubu bushakashatsi ntabwo bwabyaye reagent nshya idasanzwe, inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa transgenji / imirongo ya selile, cyangwa amakuru akurikirana.
Kubindi bisobanuro kubijyanye nigishushanyo mbonera, reba Raporo yubushakashatsi bwibidukikije ifitanye isano niyi ngingo.
Amakuru yose akora igishushanyo.1-7 byashyizwe mububiko bwubumenyi bwubumenyi, nomero yinjira: 1253.11.sciencedb.02284 cyangwa https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.02284.Amakuru yerekanwe muri ESM arashobora koherezwa kuri Rune E Kuhre nyuma yo gupimwa neza.
Nilsson, C., Raun, K., Yan, FF, Larsen, MO & Tang-Christensen, M. Inyamaswa zo muri Laboratoire nkicyitegererezo cya surrogate cyerekana umubyibuho ukabije wabantu. Nilsson, C., Raun, K., Yan, FF, Larsen, MO & Tang-Christensen, M. Inyamaswa zo muri Laboratoire nkicyitegererezo cya surrogate cyerekana umubyibuho ukabije wabantu.Nilsson K, Raun K, Yang FF, Larsen MO.na Tang-Christensen M. Inyamaswa zo muri laboratoire nkicyitegererezo cya surrogate yumubyibuho ukabije wabantu. Nilsson, C., Raun, K., Yan, FF, Larsen, MO & Tang-Christensen, M. 实验 动物 作为 人类 肥胖 的 替代 模型。 Nilsson, C., Raun, K., Yan, FF, Larsen, MO & Tang-Christensen, M. Inyamaswa zigeragezwa nkicyitegererezo gisimbuza abantu.Nilsson K, Raun K, Yang FF, Larsen MO.na Tang-Christensen M. Inyamaswa zo muri laboratoire nkicyitegererezo cya surrogate cyumubyibuho ukabije mubantu.Imiti ya Farumasi.icyaha 33, 173–181 (2012).
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